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IKPT net; mesh size: 0.5 mm; step tow; wire out: 250 m

large 4 meter hexagon-net; wire out: 150, 75, 30 m; towing duration: 10, 10, 20 m; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

Horizontal tow of Norpac plankton net with 45 cm mouth diameter, 180 cm stretch and 330 micrometer mesh, equipped with an opening-closing mechanism triggered by messenger, at a cruising speed of ~2 knots for ~10 min.

IKPT net; mesh size: 1.0 mm; oblique tow; wire out: 600 m

hand-collecting during diving and intertidal beach-combing

Horizontal tows using a standard Norpac net with a 45-cm mouth opening and a 333 micrometer mesh. Hauls were towed for 10 min at a speed of approximately 1 knot (0.5 m/s).

Copepods were collected using plankton net of 0.31 m^2 mouth area and a filtering conical section of 1.35 m long. Equipped with a mesh size of 153 micrometer, the net was towed vertically from the bottom.

4m Shrimp Net Beam Trawl

a standardized oblique tow using a 3 m IKMT (0.5 mm Nitrex netting, mouth area of 8.7 m^2)

single vertical haul at a speed of 0.5 m/s with a ring trawl net (1 m in mouth diameter, 335 micrometer mesh size)

Specimens were collected by Scuba diving and hand collecting from reef flats at low tide.

IKPT net; mesh size: 0.5 mm; oblique tow; wire out: 600 m

4 m ORE Beam Trawl; 3300 m wire out

larval net; wire out: 0 m; towing duration: 20 min.

Surface net tow at 26 stations in the waters adjacent to Nuclear Power Plant I and II in northern Taiwan using Norpac zooplankton net (180 cm long, 45 cm mouth diameter, 333 micrometer mesh size). Two 5-km stations also simultaneously collected samples fr

IKPT net; mesh size: 1.0 mm; oblique tow; wire out: 1000 m

Specimens were randomly collected during low tide.

surface tow (0-5 m) with a Norpac zooplankton net (0.45 m mouth diameter, 333-micrometer mesh)

Gamo's plankton nets attached inside of 4m ORE beam trawl

SCUBA diving during the daytime and random sampling throughout the coral reefs. Specimens were photographed in situ and kept in zip lock plastic bags with sea water.

Live seahorses were kept in captivity at the aquaculture unit of the Institute of Marine Sceinece, Burapha Univ., Chonburi after clipping a asample from the dorsal fin (1x1 mm in size). I some cases where live sample collection was not possible, dried or

Zooplankton sampling was conducted by standard plankton net with 25 cm diameter mouth opening and 120 micrometer mesh size. Plankton net was towed horizontally for 5 min in the surface water by boat.

trawl

IKPT net; mesh size: 0.5 mm; step tow; wire out: 284 m

1.6 m net; wire out: 2000 m; towing duration: 30 min.; wire angle: 70 deg.; ship speed: 3.0 kts.

vertical hauls using NORPAC net with a mesh aperture of 140 micrometer, and a net opening of 0.159 m^2 from near the bottom to the surface at each station

scuba diving and snorkeling

two repeated horizontal tows at sea surface using ORI Net (0.66 mm mesh, 2.0 m^2 at mouth)

handpicking at low tidem snorkeling, and scuba diving

4m round net; wire out: 75 m; towing duration: 30 min.; wire angle: 67 deg.

Van Veen-grab

oblique and step towing methods using IKMT net

IKPT net; mesh size: 0.5 mm; step tow; wire out: 400 m

Transect. Vertical net hauls with a 200 micrometer WP-2 and a net with 50 micrometer mesh. Only on cruise SW-97 (August 26-28 and September 1-11, 1997), a submersible plankton pump (Grundfos SP16-2) equipped with a 50 micrometer net was used.

large 4 meter hexagon-net; wire out: 30 m; towing duration: 30 m; wire angle: 75 deg.; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

large 4 meter hexagon-net; wire out: 1000, 700, 300, 100, 50 m; towing duration: 10, 10, 20, 20, 10 m; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

4 m round net; wire out: 75 m; towing duration: 30 min.; wire angle: 78 deg.; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

Quantitative samples were prepared by filtration using a 0.8micrometer pore-size filter on the board, dried in room temperature and stored in a plastic case. Dried samples were processed with ordinary SEM preparation procedure and observed with a SEM tech

collected by surface or vertical hauls (from 5 m, 10 m and 25 m depth to the surface) of conical plankton nets (0.01 mm and 0.33 mm mesh size, 0.35 m and 0.45 m mouth diameter, respectively)

large 4 meter hexagon-net; wire out: 30 m; towing duration: 30 m; wire angle: 64 deg.; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

4m round net; wire out: 75 m; towing duration: 30 min.; wire angle: 71 deg.

large 4 meter hexagon-net; wire out: 50 m; towing duration: 60 m; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

3 m IKMT with 2 mm or 5 mm mesh (wire out: 600 m)

walking and wading in the supra- and intertidal zones and snorkeling and scuba-diving in the subtidal biotopes

4m ORE beam trawl operations; 5800 m wire out

ORI net; wire out: 2000 m; towing duration: 30 min.; wire angle: 68 deg., 63 deg.; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

4m round net; wire out: 75 m; towing duration: 30 min.; wire angle: 68 deg.

4-m span beam trawling

4 m round net; wire out: 30 m; towing duration: 30 min.; ship speed: 1.5 kts.

wading in the intertidal zone at low tide / snorkeling and SCUBA-diving in the subtidal areas