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On coarse lava rocks near penguin colonies. Alt. 20-50 m. Mixed Pickle Cove area, Marion Island. Prince Edward Islands

Livingston Island. Byers Peninsula, on limpet shells. Alt. 10-30 m. South Shetland Islands

Rocks and stones used as a skua perch. Alt. 30 m. Central part of Rothera Point, Adelaide Island. Antarctic Peninsula

Rock fragments on north facing slope, Alt. 17 m. South side of Potter Cove, King George Island. South Shetland Islands

On rocks just above high water mark, Alt. 1 m. North side of Berntsen Point, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On fragments in scree slopes, Alt. 250 ft. East side of hill between Factory Cove and Paal Harbour, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

East facing cliff, Alt. 10 ft. South-west tip of largest Thule Island, Borge Bay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On penguin skull, Alt. 50 ft. Berntsen Point, Borge Bay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

Gravelly soil, on level part of west-facing rock outcrop, Alt. 25 m. Spit Point, Yankee Harbour, Greenwich Island. South Shetland Islands

Stones on east facing ash slope, Alt. 400 ft. Near centre of east coast of Vindication Island. South Sandwich Islands

North facing sides of dry boulders in penguin rookery, Alt. 8 m. Barnard Point, Livingston Island. South Shetland Islands

On pebbles of raised beach, facing-west, Alt. 20 m. NW end of Barnard Point, Livingston Island. South Shetland Islands

On concrete foundations of 1947 hut. Alt. 10m. Berntsen Point, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On old reindeer antler in Festuca grassland. Alt. 60 m. Slope above south side of Husdal. South Georgia

Alt. c. 15 ft. To north of Kade Point. South Georgia

Frequent on limpet shells around gull nests on rocks by shore, Galindez Island, Argentine Islands, Graham Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Graham Coast

On quartz-mica-schist rock, Alt. 25 m. Marble Knolls area, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On marble rock and calcicolous mosses, Alt. 25 m. Marble Knolls area, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On rocks in spray zone c. 0.5 m above high water mark, Alt. 0.5 m. Factory Cove, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On rocks above spray zone by shore, Alt. 2 m. Factory Cove, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On quartz-mica-schist outcrop, Alt. 25 m. West of Mooring Point, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On Bryum algens and Drepanocladus uncinatus, Alt. 20-60 m. N side of largest one of easternmost of Joubin Islands, c. 16 Km west of Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island, Danco Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Danco Coast

Cliffs, Alt.c. 5-30 m. Freezeland Rock. South Sandwich Islands

Encrusting marble at top of north facing slope, Alt. 200 ft. North side of ridge running inland from Thulla Point, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

Rare, in horizontal rock crack, Stonington Island, Fallieres Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Fallieres Coast

On concrete base of emergency hut, Alt. 10 ft. Berntsen Point, Borge Bay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On dry pebbles and fragments. Alt. 50 ft. Berntsen Point, Borge Bay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On oil-covered boulder at high water mark, Alt. 1 m. Midway between King Edward Point and Grytviken, Cumberland East Bay. South Georgia

Dry rocks used as bird (gull) perches. Alt. 30m. Cape Lachman, James Ross Island Antarctic Peninsula

On dry crumbling boulders, possibly used as tern perches. With ?Lecanora. Alt.c.50m. 1.5km W of Cape Wiman, Seymour Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On quartz-mica-schist. Alt. 15m. Marble Knolls, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On flat dry ridge. Alt. 240 m. Stonethrow Ridge. Deception Island. South Shetland Islands

South face of moraine boulder, Alt. 100 ft. North side of Sombre Lake, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On rock, Alt. 6 m. Berntsen Point, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On Sarconeurum glaciale and stones. Alt. 80m. S end of valley N of Andreassen point, James Ross Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On Sarconeurum glaciale. Alt. 8m. Spit on SE side of St Martha Cove, James Ross Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On dry fine soil. Alt. 150m. Fortress Hill, James Ross Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On moss on dry sandy rock terraces. Alt. 130 m. North end of Kay Island, Wood Bay, Victoria Land Antarctica, Ross Sector

On soil. East end of nunatak. Alt. 125 m. Marion Nunatak, Charcot Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On moss and soil. Alt. 125 m. Summit area, Marion Nunatak, Charcot Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On moss. Alt. 80m. Valley on N side of St Martha Cove, James Ross Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On moss. Alt. 50 m. NE side, Lagotellerie Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On soil and dead moss in rock crevices, Alt. c. 100 ft. Uruguay Island, Argentine Islands, Graham Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Graham Coast

Locally frequent on soil and dead moss, near the base hut, Blaiklock Island, Loubet Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Loubet Coast

Dry, fine sandy soil. Cape King, Victoria Land. Antarctica, Ross Sector

On soil and dead moss. Alt. 5 m. West end of Lagoon Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On dry Hypnum. Alt. c. 5m. Ablation Valley, Alexander Island. Antarctic Peninsula, Alexander Island

Soil and dead moss. Alt. 50m. Browning Peninsula, W side. Budd Coast. Antarctica, Wilkes Sector

Shaded crevice in rock face, but also on open sandy soil. With Usnea sulphurea. Alt. 75m. N side Mitchell Peninsula, O'Brien Bay. Budd Coast. Antarctica, Wilkes Sector

Dry stone stripes on soil, Alt. 100 ft. Moraine Valley, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands