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On moss, on scoria. Flat(ish) strips and hollows between the scoria blocks. Moist soil about 1-2cm thick under the moss. Lots of nooks and crannies in the scoria. Skua nests and limpet shells. Alt. 15m. Scoria lava flow into Crater Lake. Deception Island.

On dry rock and on cushions of Tortula cf. grossiretis, Alt. 5 m. Horse Head, Cumberland East Bay. South Georgia

Small screes and rocks betwen large boulders, Alt. 327 ft. Summit of Scar Hills, Hope Bay. Antarctic Peninsula, Trinity Peninsula, East Coast

Colonising coal from former base, Alt. 10 m. Berntsen Point, Borge Bay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

Crevices in large boulder, Alt. 50 ft. Near Drying Point, Borge Bay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On Willia austro-leucophaea growing in dry rock crevices, Alt. c. 10 ft. Horse Head, south side of King Edward Cove. South Georgia

Frequent on rocky areas used as skua perches. Alt. 10-30 m. Rothera Point, Adelaide Island. Antarctic Peninsula

Alt. 150 ft. East side of Rusty Bluff, Paal Harbour, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On dry vertical rock faces, Alt. c. 50 ft. Hermit Island, Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island, Danco Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Danco Coast

Summit ridge, on solid rock, Alt. 300 ft. Summit of Scar Hills. Antarctic Peninsula

South-east facing cliff face, Alt. 10 m. Cove, 0.5 km. south of Stinker Point, Elephant Island. South Shetland Islands

On Willia austro-leucophaea in dry rock crevices, Alt. c. 3m. Horse Head, Cumberland East Bay. South Georgia

On dry rocks and ledges below cape pigeon nests, Alt. 5-10 m. Factory Cove, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

Occasional on sea cliffs, Alt. 5-7 m. North-east coast, O'Brien Island. South Shetland Islands

Dry rock face, facing north, Alt. 75 m. North Point, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On timbers of jetty, also on rope cladding in ruined building, Alt. 2-5 m. North side of Whaling Station, Prince Olaf Harbour. South Georgia

Alt. 155 m. SE of Crater Lake, Deception Island. South Shetland Islands

On old concrete. Alt. 10 m. Factory Cove slope, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On moss (Andreaea) above tussock zone. Alt. 100 m. Bird Island South Georgia

Livingston Island. Byers Peninsula, on stones. Alt. 10-30 m. South Shetland Islands

On stones on rock terrace. Alt. 20 m. Leonie Island. Antarctic Peninsula, Fallieres Coast

On moist calcicolous mosses, Alt. 20 m. Marble Knolls area, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On cushions of mosses. Alt. 240 m. Bastion Hill between Windy Glacier and Tower Glacier, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. South Shetland Islands

On cushions of Dicranoweisia grimmiacea in places with a long snow cover. Alt. 260 m. Jardine Peak, Ezcurra Inlet, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. South Shetland Islands

On ground and on dead mosses. Alt. 20 m. Small green alp called Hala at Arctowski Station, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. South Shetland Islands

On Drepanocladus uncinatus on banks of a small stream in rather moist situation. Alt. 35 m. Small green alp called Hala at Arctowski Station, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. South Shetland Islands

On cushion of Andreaea gainii in Usnea fasciata community on northern slope. Alt. 135 m. Siodlo (=saddle) Hill in Baranowski Glacier, Admiralty Bay, King George Island. South Shetland Islands

On dry rocks and boulders, Alt. 200 m. Mount Alexander, Joinville Island. Antarctic Peninsula

On moss (?Lepraria neglecta). Alt. 10-15m. E end of N side of Camp point, Marguerite Bay. Antarctic Peninsula

On Chorisodontium turf (with Hypogymnia lugubris). Alt. 120 m. Near Gazella Peak, Bird Island. South Georgia

On rock face with Caloplaca sp., Caloplaca regalis, Haematomma sp. etc.(possibly bird influenced). Alt. 50 m. Limestone Valley, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On moss on dry base-rich slope. Alt. 15m. W side of Heywood Lake, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On schist stones adjacent to a band of marble. Alt. 150 m. W slope of Robin Peak plateau, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On soil and moss. Lichens on the scoria boulder surfaces. Mosses in thecrevices. Alt. 200m. Steep lava slope to the N of the small lake to the NE of Mt Kirkwood. Deception Island. South Shetland Islands

On schist rock. Alt. 38m. Hill at NW end of Gourlay Peninsula, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

On dry rock faces, Alt. 10-25 m. Dismal Island, Faure Islands, Fallieres Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Fallieres Coast

On dead moss, Alt. 5-20 m. Island in north-west of Faure Island group, Fallieres Coast. Antarctic Peninsula, Fallieres Coast

On moribund moss, Alt. 200 m. North end of Active Sound, Joinville Island. Antarctic Peninsula

Marble outcrop, Gourlay, Signy Island. South Orkney Islands

Shaded rock crevice. Alt. 75m. N side Mitchell Peninsula, O'Brien Bay. Budd Coast. Antarctica, Wilkes Sector

On moss. Wet vertical W face. Orange lichen covering cliffs above. Alt. 25m. Rock bluff, W side of Ronald Hill. Deception Island. South Shetland Islands

On granite in sheltered gap between boulders. Alt. 5 m. Inexpressible Island. Antarctica, Ross Sector

Along cracks and at the soil interface of embedded rocks. Cape Sastrugi. Antarctica, Ross Sector

Epiphytic on moss by stream. Aspect S but in a protected small valley. Alt. 10 m. Edmonson Point. Antarctica, Ross Sector

On dry lake margin. Alt. c. 30 m. Crater Cirque. Antarctica, Ross Sector

Growing on moss and algae in damp crevices. Alt. 200 m. Volcanic plug covered in scoria, Cape Phillips. Antarctica, Ross Sector

In small patches in sheltered areas between scoria, especially towards edges of polygons. Alt. 200 m. Cape Phillips. Antarctica, Ross Sector

Scattered on N-facing scoria, in protected, often partly shaded sites. Small volcanic cone with crater lake. Alt. 810 m. Daniell Peninsula. Antarctica, Ross Sector

Common in damp crevices amongst patterned ground beside small lake above Gondwana station. Gerlache Inlet. Antarctica, Ross Sector

Alt. 300 m. S slopes of Volcan Osorno. South America, Chile